Seal of the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers KINGDOM OF PEACEKEEPERS
For All Peoples · Following UNDRIP
Seal of the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers

The Parent House of the Al Mahdi Dynasty

KINGDOM OF PEACEKEEPERS

A house of faith, peace, heritage, service, and unity — for all peoples, in all places.

Rooted in Omdurman · Nubia — Raised in the Americas

By the Hand of the Founder

The Royal Proclamation

Seal of the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers

Peace Is Kept by Those Who Show Up

Let it be known: the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers is a house raised on one foundation — that peace is not found, it is kept, by people who show up for one another. We keep the peace in our homes, on our streets, and in our neighborhoods. We train our hands to heal, our voices to calm, and our doors to stay open.

Whoever comes in peace is received in peace. Whoever serves is honored. The First Peoples of this land are honored first, for the house stands on their ground. This Kingdom is rooted out of Sudan, in Omdurman, Nubia, and was raised in the Americas by our ancestors, who mixed with the Indigenous Kingdoms of the Americas. It is not rooted in Roxbury, in Boston, or in any single city of this shore, and its purpose is not limited by any one ground. It was built and stood on its own foundation before the Founder's visit to the United Nations, and it follows the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples — UNDRIP. Its welcome reaches every people and every nation under heaven.

Rev. Dr. Ali ABY Muhammed
Founder · Shaykh · Imam

The Proclamation stands in the Founder's voice; its final wording is set by his hand.

The Seal of the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers — gold plaque rendering with the pineapple, crossed swords, and the great sword below
THE SEAL OF THE KINGDOM

What the House Stands On

The Four Pillars

Peacekeeping

We keep the peace where we live — in the home, on the block, and between neighbors. Calm is a discipline, and we practice it daily.

Service

We serve before we are served. Food, shelter, training, and a steady hand in a crisis — the Kingdom measures itself by what it gives.

Health & Healing

Through Kingdom Workforce Development, we train community health workers who carry care into their own communities — wherever they are called to serve.

Honor & Heritage

We honor the First Peoples of this land, the elders who raised us, and the houses that carry our name. Memory is a duty.

Under One Standard

The Eighteen Houses

The Kingdom of PeaceKeepers is the parent house over the ventures of the Founder and his family — eighteen houses, each with its own work, all under one standard of peace and service.

I

Al Mahdi Dynasty

The founding family house and trust

II

Kingdom of PeaceKeepers

The parent house over all the ventures

III

Kingdom Workforce Development

Community health worker training & workforce

IV

Al Mahdi Shrine

Devotion and remembrance

V

Universal Masjid of Allah

The religious branch of the Kingdom

VI

Supreme Grand Ancient Nubia Lodge

The fraternal order

VII

The Gents Fraternity

Brotherhood and conduct

VIII

MOER Foundation

Foundation and giving

IX

Nubian Geographic Museum

History and the virtual museum

X

The Nubian Museum

Nubian heritage and exhibits

XI

Mass Juneteenth Council

Juneteenth remembrance and parade

XII

Notable Roxburian Society

Honoring Roxbury's notable people

XIII

Cambridge Croquet Club

Sport and fellowship

XIV

Nubian Archery Club

Archery and discipline

XV

Nubian Square Florist

Flowers of Nubian Square

XVI

AEOS

A venture house of the Kingdom

XVII

Seat Sack

A product venture of the Kingdom

XVIII

Shaykh Ali Music

The Founder's music, on the Al Mahdi Dynasty label

How the House Was Raised

The Eras of the Kingdom

The Root

The Root — Omdurman, Nubia

The Kingdom is rooted out of Sudan, in Omdurman, Nubia, where the Al Mahdi name rises. From there the family carried it across the water, and the house was raised in the Americas by our ancestors, who mixed with the Indigenous Kingdoms of the Americas. The root holds everything that grows after it.

2017 – 2018

The House Takes Form

The Al Mahdi Dynasty Family Trust is established in 2017, with the Founder as trustee. In 2018 CHW Workforce Development incorporates in Massachusetts — one house's work in one place, not the root or the limit of the Kingdom.

Before the United Nations

Built Before the Visit

The Kingdom of PeaceKeepers was built and stood on its own foundation before the Founder's visit to the United Nations. It follows UNDRIP — the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples — as a standard it honors, not as the source from which it began.

2021 – Today

The Raising of the Houses

The workforce training begins in earnest, the ventures multiply into eighteen houses, and the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers is raised as parent over them all — its work open to chapters and peoples in any place.

The Open Door

The Door Stands Open

Now the Kingdom opens its doors in order: a welcome guide for every guest, a path for every member, and chapters to be raised wherever peacekeepers stand.

The era names are the house's working titles; the Founder confirms the final wording.

Membership & Chapter Development

From Guest to Guardian

No one is born a Guardian. Every member of this house began as a guest at the door — the path below is the way in, walked in order.

1

Guest

Come as you are. Every visitor is received at the door, fed, and heard. No one who comes in peace is turned away.

2

Friend of the House

Return, and be known. Learn the ways of the house, sit at its tables, and take the Welcome Guide as your companion.

3

Member

Take the covenant of the Kingdom: keep the peace, serve the people, honor the houses. Members keep the twelve garments of the house wardrobe.

4

Guardian

Guardians stand watch over people and place — trained, steady, and accountable. From the Guardians, chapters are raised in new ground, and nobles are named by service. The Royal Cloak is earned, never given lightly.

The Wardrobe of the House

Members keep a wardrobe of twelve garments for the seasons and ceremonies of the house, distinct from the Royal Cloaks earned by nobles. One garment stands apart from all of them: the gold-embroidered bisht of the Imam — his alone, worn by no member.

The Welcome Guide

The first book of the house: who we are, how we keep the peace, and how a guest becomes family. It opens with the root of the house — rooted out of Sudan, in Omdurman, Nubia, and raised in the Americas by our ancestors, who mixed with the Indigenous Kingdoms of the Americas. Within the Kingdom, the workforce house answers to its Kingdom name — Kingdom Workforce Development.

Chapters

Where Guardians gather in number, a chapter is raised under the parent house — same covenant, same standard, new ground. Chapters carry the work of the houses into their own streets.

The steps of the path stand in the house's working order; the Founder sets the final form.

A Diplomatic House

All Peoples Welcome

This is a diplomatic house. The flag of the United States stands at the Royal Desk beside the standard of the Kingdom, and every people is received here with the honor due to a nation. The First Peoples of this land lead the row — they were here before the house, and the house remembers.

Painting of a ceremonial gathering of many peoples in a green and gold hall, with Indigenous First Peoples standing at the front in honor
The peoples assembled — the First Peoples of this land at the front of the row, in honor.
Indigenous First PeoplesFirst in the row
The African DiasporaReceived in honor
Asia & the PacificReceived in honor
Europe & the AmericasReceived in honor
The Middle EastReceived in honor
All Who Come in PeaceThe door is open

The Standard the House Stands With

UNDRIP — The Rights of Indigenous Peoples

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is the world's standard for the survival, dignity, and well-being of Indigenous peoples. The Kingdom follows UNDRIP — it stands with the Declaration in word, and in how it receives the First Peoples at its door. The Kingdom was built before the Founder's visit to the United Nations; UNDRIP is the standard it follows, not the moment it began.

13 Sept 2007Adopted
Resolution 61/295UN General Assembly
46 ArticlesThe Declaration
143 – 4The Vote
2010United States Endorses
Article 3

Self-Determination

Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination — to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

Article 26

Lands & Territories

The right to the lands, territories, and resources they have traditionally owned, occupied, or otherwise used — and to own, develop, and control them.

Articles 10 · 19 · 29 · 32

Free, Prior & Informed Consent

No relocation, no dumping of hazardous materials, no taking of land or resources without the free, prior, and informed consent of the peoples concerned. Consent is the standard — before, not after.

Articles 13 – 16

Culture & Language

The right to revitalize and transmit histories, languages, and oral traditions; to name and rename places; and to education in their own languages and cultural ways.

IPO — How Indigenous Peoples' Organizations Are Heard

Indigenous Peoples' Organizations — IPOs — carry the voices of their peoples into the councils of the world. The Declaration is heard through standing doors at the United Nations:

  • UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) — the standing body of Indigenous and state experts advising the UN on Indigenous rights and development.
  • Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP) — the Human Rights Council's experts, giving technical counsel on carrying the Declaration into law and practice.
  • Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples — the UN's independent examiner, who investigates, reports, and speaks where rights are threatened.
  • ECOSOC Consultative Status — the accreditation by which Indigenous organizations take their seats, speak, and submit testimony in UN proceedings.

Care in the Hands of the People

Indigenous Healthcare Providers

Article 24 of the Declaration: Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and health practices, and the right to access all social and health services without discrimination. Long before the title existed, Indigenous providers were the original community health workers.

1968

Community Health Representatives

The CHR program begins in the United States — tribal members trained and employed to carry health care into their own communities, home by home.

1971

Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service

Aboriginal community-controlled health care opens in Redfern, Sydney — care governed by the community it serves, the seed of a national movement.

2023

World Health Assembly — Resolution WHA76.16

The World Health Assembly adopts its resolution on the health of Indigenous peoples, calling on nations to build health systems with Indigenous partnership at the center.

Traditional Healers

Keepers of traditional medicines and health practices — the first providers, whose knowledge Article 24 protects by name.

Community-Controlled Care

Clinics governed by the communities they serve — care designed, directed, and delivered by the people themselves.

Community Health Representatives

The original community health workers: neighbors trained to carry care, teaching, and trust across their own nations.

Care Without Discrimination

Article 24's second promise — every Indigenous person holds the same right to the highest attainable standard of health, without discrimination.

Indigenous-Led Health Systems

United States

Indian Health Service & Tribal Self-Governance

Federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives — increasingly directed by tribes themselves under self-governance agreements, alongside Tribal Health Programs and Urban Indian Health Programs.

Canada

First Nations Health Authority

British Columbia's First Nations Health Authority — the first province-wide health authority governed by First Nations, for First Nations.

Australia

ACCHOs

Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations — primary health care initiated, planned, and governed by local Aboriginal communities.

This House

The Same Calling, Continued

The Founder's own house trains community health workers — the same calling the CHR program began — carried forward by neighbors serving their own communities, wherever they live.

Painting of the Royal Desk: a mahogany desk before deep green walls, the American flag and the green Kingdom standard on brass poles behind it
The Royal Desk — two flags, one standard of peace.

Where Audiences Are Received

The Royal Desk

Two flags stand behind the desk: the flag of the United States of America, and the green standard of the Kingdom with its gold emblem. Diplomacy and house, side by side — that is the order of this room.

From this desk the Founder signs, receives, and keeps the peace: petitions are heard, chapters are recognized, and guests of every nation are seated as honored company.

Portrait painting of the Founder in his black and gold-embroidered bisht, seated at the desk with the American and Kingdom flags behind him

The Founder · Shaykh · Imam

Rev. Dr. Ali ABY Muhammed

Imam of the Universal Masjid of Allah. Founder and steward of this Kingdom. A community health worker who has served Boston's hospitals, shelters, and streets for over fifteen years — and who keeps this door open.

The Door Is Open

Seek an Audience

For membership, chapters, partnerships, or an audience with the Founder — write or call. Every message that comes in peace is answered in peace.

By Telephone 857-800-6078
In Person 139 Charles Street, Suite 171
Boston, MA 02114
Portrait painting of Rev. Dr. Ali ABY Muhammed in his gold-embroidered bisht at the Royal Desk, the American flag and the Kingdom standard behind him

The Founder

Rev. Dr. Ali ABY Muhammed

Shaykh & Imam of the Universal Masjid of Allah

DIPLOMAT

Founder and steward of the Kingdom of PeaceKeepers, and founder and executive director of CHW Workforce Development, Inc. A community health worker by calling — trained in Boston's great hospitals, seasoned on its streets, and seated now at the Royal Desk, where all peoples are received.

Seek an Audience

One Man, Three Charges

The Three Callings

First Calling

Imam

Universal Masjid of Allah. He leads the religious branch of the Kingdom — teacher, prayer leader, and keeper of the house's spiritual life. The gold-embroidered bisht he wears is the Imam's attire, and his alone.

Second Calling

Shaykh & Founder

Kingdom of PeaceKeepers. He raised the Kingdom as a parent house over his family's ventures — eighteen houses under one standard — and stewards the Al Mahdi Dynasty Family Trust.

Third Calling

Founder & Executive Director

CHW Workforce Development, Inc. Since 2021 he has led the training of community health workers in Boston — some 85 people trained — carrying care into Roxbury, Dorchester, and Mattapan.

“I keep the peace by showing up. A health worker's first medicine is presence — you sit with people, you listen, and you do not leave until the need is met. That is the whole of my work: family, faith, and the neighborhood, in that order, every day.”

— Rev. Dr. Ali ABY Muhammed

The Documented Record

A Life of Service, in Order

2010 – 2015

McLean Hospital

Service in behavioral health care — the foundation years, learning the work of sitting with people in crisis.

2016 – 2019

Brigham & Women's Hospital — Lead CHW

Lead Community Health Worker at one of Boston's great teaching hospitals, guiding patients and families through care.

2019 – 2022

Homeless Outreach Counselor

Street outreach to people without shelter — meeting the city's most vulnerable where they are, on their ground.

2021 – Present

Founder & Executive Director — CHW Workforce Development

Founded the workforce house of the Kingdom to train the next generation of community health workers for Boston.

CertifiedCommunity Health Worker · Massachusetts
InstructorRed Cross CPR / AED
50 CertificatesAddiction · Recovery · Trauma Care
80.5 HoursDocumented Training

The Imam's Attire

The Bisht Is His Alone

The black cloak with gold embroidery — the bisht, No. 4 among the garments of the house — belongs to the Imam's office. It is not a member's garment, it is not lent, and it is not worn by the houses. The member wardrobe of twelve garments is its own order, and the Royal Cloaks of the nobles are earned on their own terms.

On the streets of Boston he wears it as he has always walked them: among the people, in the neighborhoods the Kingdom serves.

Painting of the Imam from behind, walking a Boston brownstone street at dawn in the black bisht with gold embroidery down its back
The Imam on a Boston street at first light.

The Al Mahdi Dynasty & Trust

The Succession

The Founder stewards the Al Mahdi Dynasty Family Trust, established in 2017. The houses were raised by family, and to family they pass: in succession stand his sons — Ali Reed Muhammed, first in line, and Ahmad Muhammed Ala Mahdi, second, whose share is protected while he is a minor.

An Audience with the Founder

Write, Call, or Come

By Telephone 857-800-6078
In Person 139 Charles Street, Suite 171
Boston, MA 02114

Standing in Boston · In the Company of the Kingdom

Commonwealth of Indigenous Nations

COIN — the Council of Indigenous Nations, in the Founder’s design

COIN is the Boston-rooted entity · The Kingdom of PeaceKeepers is rooted in Omdurman, Nubia, Sudan, and raised in the Americas

The Yamassee — New England Tribes flag: a chief in profile wearing a feather headdress on a tan field with a red border
The flag — Yamassee · New England Tribes.
The Founder's seal-and-mission sheet: the Yamassee Nation seal — a chief in full headdress, YAMASSEE NATION across the top and COMMONWEALTH OF INDIGENOUS NATIONS around the base — above the Council of Indigenous Nations mission, purpose, and commitment to UNDRIP
The Founder’s seal-and-mission sheet — Yamassee Nation · Commonwealth of Indigenous Nations.

From the Founder’s Design

The Mission of COIN

The Council of Indigenous Nations (COIN) exists to protect, preserve, and promote the sovereignty, culture, and self-determination of Indigenous Peoples across the Americas and beyond. Rooted in ancestral knowledge and guided by intertribal unity, COIN works to advance justice, defend sacred lands, and revitalize Indigenous lifeways through leadership, advocacy, and education. COIN upholds the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) as the foundation of its mission.

Grand CouncilSupreme Body
TenDepartments
FourAdvisory Councils
UNDRIPThe Foundation

From the Founder’s Charter

Governance — Circles, Not Hierarchy

COIN’s supreme body is the Grand Council of Indigenous Nations. Its order is modeled on the wampum belt — circles of responsibility, not hierarchy.

The Ten Departments

I

Sovereignty & Governance

II

Land, Territories & Environment

III

Language, Culture & Spiritual Lifeways

IV

Justice & Restorative Traditions

V

Education & Intergenerational Knowledge

VI

Health, Healing & Traditional Medicines

VII

Economic Sovereignty & Resource Equity

VIII

Diplomacy & Global Solidarity

IX

Women, Youth & Two-Spirit Futures

X

Truth, Memory & Reconciliation

The Advisory Councils

EldersAdvisory Council
Youth AssemblyAdvisory Council
StorykeepersAdvisory Council
Nations’ WomenAdvisory Council

One People of Two Worlds

Black Indians

Photograph of the Seminole Negro Indian Scouts in U.S. Army uniform, Texas, 1870s
Seminole Negro Indian Scouts, Texas, 1870s. Descendants of Africans who escaped slavery and found freedom among the Seminole Nation, they served as the U.S. Army’s most decorated scouts — four earned the Medal of Honor.

Long before there was a United States, Africans and the Indigenous nations of this land were already one story. Africans who escaped bondage found refuge among the Seminole and other nations; they married, raised families, fought side by side, and built free towns. Their descendants — called Black Indians, Black Seminoles, and Freedmen — carried both heritages in one bloodline. COIN stands in that same truth: the peoples of Africa and the First Peoples of the Americas are kin, joined on this soil for five hundred years.

Engraving of John Horse (Juan Caballo), Black Seminole leader, standing in Seminole dress
John Horse (Juan Caballo), Black Seminole leader — he led his people from Florida to Mexico to keep them free.

They Wrote So We Would Know

The Muslims Who Were Brought in Chains — And Never Bowed

Among the Africans carried to America in chains were Muslims — scholars, farmers, princes, and healers — many literate in Arabic in an age when literacy itself was rare. Slavery tried to take their names, their language, and their faith. It failed. They prayed facing east. They fasted. They taught their children. They wrote — so that we would know who they were. Their story is one of the roots of the COIN mission.

Ambrotype portrait of Omar ibn Said, c. 1850, seated and holding a cane
Omar ibn Said — ambrotype, c. 1850.
A page of Omar ibn Said's autobiography, written in Arabic in 1831
A page of his autobiography, written in Arabic, 1831.
Illustration of Omar ibn Said kneeling in a stone cell by lamplight, writing Arabic on the wall
Illustration: Omar ibn Said writing Arabic on his cell wall, Fayetteville, 1811.

1770 – 1864

Omar ibn Said

The Scholar of North Carolina

Born in Futa Toro, in present-day Senegal, Omar ibn Said studied for twenty-five years before he was captured in 1807 and enslaved in South Carolina, then North Carolina. Found praying in a Fayetteville church, he covered his jail cell walls with Arabic writing. In 1831 he wrote his autobiography in Arabic — the only known autobiography written in Arabic by an enslaved person in America. It rests today in the Library of Congress. He kept his learning and his dignity for fifty-six years in bondage.

Portrait of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo by William Hoare, London, 1733, wearing white dress and turban with a small Qur'an manuscript at his neck
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo — portrait by William Hoare, London, 1733.

1701 – 1773

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

The Letter That Set Him Free

A Muslim scholar and merchant’s son from Bundu, Ayuba Suleiman Diallo was enslaved in Maryland in 1731. The letter he wrote home in Arabic crossed the Atlantic and reached men who bought his freedom. In London in 1733, William Hoare painted him in his own dress, a small Qur’an manuscript at his neck — a portrait of an enslaved man painted as a gentleman of learning, because that is what he was. He sailed home to Africa a free man.

A page of Bilali Muhammad's Arabic document, from Sapelo Island, Georgia
A page of Bilali Muhammad’s Arabic document.
Illustration of Bilali Muhammad's community at dawn prayer on prayer mats beneath moss-draped oaks, facing the sunrise over the Sapelo Island marsh
Illustration: dawn prayer in Bilali Muhammad’s community, Sapelo Island.
Present-day photograph of Hog Hammock, Sapelo Island, Georgia: a dirt road past a weathered wooden house under live oaks draped in Spanish moss
Hog Hammock, Sapelo Island — the Gullah-Geechee community descended from Bilali Muhammad’s people, still on the island today.

c. 1770 – 1857

Bilali Muhammad

The Keeper of Sapelo Island

On Sapelo Island, Georgia, Bilali Muhammad led a community of some eighty enslaved Muslims. He kept the prayers, the feasts, and the Arabic names; his people were known for their discipline and their care of one another. He left a thirteen-page document in Arabic, drawn from Islamic teaching — one of the earliest Islamic texts written in America. The Gullah-Geechee families of Sapelo Island descend from his community to this day.

Portrait of Yarrow Mamout by Charles Willson Peale, 1819
Yarrow Mamout — portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 1819.

c. 1736 – 1823

Yarrow Mamout

From Bondage to Georgetown Financier

Taken from Guinea as a boy, Yarrow Mamout spent forty-four years enslaved in Maryland before winning his freedom at about sixty years old. A devout Muslim who prayed aloud and kept his faith openly, he became a financier in Georgetown — a shareholder in the Bank of Columbia and a homeowner on Dent Place. Charles Willson Peale painted his portrait in 1819 and recorded his faith with respect. He died a free, wealthy, and honored man.

Also Named in This Story

Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori (1762–1829), a prince of Futa Jallon enslaved forty years in Mississippi, freed in 1828 after his Arabic letter reached the Sultan of Morocco and the U.S. Secretary of State; and Estevanico of Azamor, Morocco, who crossed the Southwest with the Narváez expedition in 1528 — the first African known to walk the interior of this land.

Illustration of Estevanico of Azamor in Moroccan dress and turban, carrying a gourd rattle, crossing a desert landscape toward a pueblo settlement
Illustration: Estevanico of Azamor crossing the Southwest, 1530s — the first African known to walk the interior of this land.

Indigenous Healthcare for the Americas

From Their Story to the COIN Mission

These ancestors teach the mission. They survived because they cared for one another — healing, feeding, teaching, and praying together when the world gave them nothing. Bilali’s people on Sapelo Island were a community that looked after its own. Omar’s learning served everyone who came to him. That is the pattern COIN follows today.

The COIN Indigenous Healthcare Network for the Americas carries their example into the work of health: Indigenous-led care, rooted in culture, delivered by community health workers — the people of the community, trained to serve the community. In Boston, that work is done through CHW Workforce Development, Inc., which trains and fields community health workers across the neighborhoods of the city COIN calls home. The Department of Health, Healing & Traditional Medicines in COIN’s charter holds this charge: health sovereignty, traditional medicine beside modern care, and equitable access to health for every Indigenous family.

Illustration of community health workers in green serving families at an outdoor table beside a white outreach van on a Boston brownstone street — taking an elder's blood pressure and talking with children
Illustration: the COIN Indigenous Healthcare Network at work — community health workers serving families in Boston.
The Network

Indigenous-Led Care

The COIN Indigenous Healthcare Network for the Americas — care rooted in culture, led by Indigenous peoples, for Indigenous families.

In Boston

CHW Workforce Development, Inc.

The Boston delivery of the work: community health workers trained and fielded across the neighborhoods of the city COIN calls home.

Department VI

Health, Healing & Traditional Medicines

The department in COIN’s charter that holds the charge: health sovereignty, traditional medicine beside modern care, and equitable access to health.

They wrote in Arabic so they would not be forgotten. COIN builds so their names are carried — in health, in dignity, and in freedom.

Image Credits & Sources

  • Omar ibn Said ambrotype (c. 1850), via Wikimedia Commons / Muslim Journal.
  • Omar ibn Said, Autobiography page (1831), Library of Congress collection, via Open Culture.
  • Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, portrait by William Hoare of Bath, 1733.
  • Bilali Muhammad, Arabic document page, via the New Georgia Encyclopedia.
  • Yarrow Mamout, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 1819, Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  • Seminole Negro Indian Scouts photograph, 1870s, U.S. Army era, via We Are The Mighty.
  • John Horse (Juan Caballo), engraving of the Black Seminole leader.
  • Hog Hammock, Sapelo Island, Georgia — photograph by Brian Brown / Vanishing Georgia.
  • The four images captioned “Illustration:” on this page — Omar ibn Said writing, Estevanico crossing the Southwest, dawn prayer on Sapelo Island, and the COIN Indigenous Healthcare Network in Boston — were made for this page; they are illustrations, not historical photographs.